Battles

Battles across history reveal the changing face of warfare, from the disciplined phalanxes of ancient Greece and the legions of Rome, to the feudal levies and knightly charges of the medieval world. In Asia, Chinese dynasties clashed with steppe horsemen while Indian empires fielded war elephants in grand encounters. African kingdoms, like Kush and Mali, forged their own military traditions. The Renaissance ushered in firearms and more professional armies, reshaping battlefield tactics. By the Napoleonic era, mass conscription, artillery, and manoeuvre warfare dominated, culminating in sweeping campaigns across Europe. Each era brought new weapons, strategies, and consequences that shaped global history.