The Schiavona was a distinctive basket-hilted sword used mainly by Venetian and Dalmatian troops during the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods. Named after the “Schiavoni” (Slavic mercenaries), this weapon was designed for both cavalry and infantry use. Its wide, curved hilt and broad blade made it ideal for powerful cuts while offering excellent hand protection. It became emblematic of Venice’s military forces in the 17th century and was closely associated with the bodyguards of the Doge.
Specifications
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Blade Length | 85 to 95 cm |
| Overall Length | Approx. 100 to 110 cm |
| Blade Type | Straight, double-edged |
| Blade Width | Broad, typically around 3–4 cm at the base |
| Weight | Around 1.2 to 1.6 kg |
| Hilt Style | Latticed, cage-like basket hilt |
| Grip | Often wooden, sometimes leather-wrapped |
| Pommel | Cat’s head or spherical, often decorative |
| Balance | Blade-heavy, suited for slashing |
| Typical Use | Cavalry and infantry close combat |
History and Evolution
- First developed in the late 16th century, the Schiavona evolved from earlier basket-hilted arming swords.
- Its adoption was linked to the elite Schiavoni mercenaries of Slavic origin who served the Republic of Venice.
- The hilt design became more elaborate over time, shifting from simpler bar guards to a complex lattice that offered superior hand protection.
- It remained in use into the early 18th century, particularly in ceremonial and parade contexts as warfare evolved.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
- Excellent hand protection due to the basket hilt
- Broad blade delivered powerful cuts
- Durable and reliable in close combat
- Often finely crafted, showing skilled workmanship
Disadvantages:
- Heavier than some contemporary swords, which could limit speed
- Less effective for thrusting compared to rapiers
- Less popular outside Venice, limiting its battlefield spread
Comparison with Similar Weapons
| Feature | Schiavona | Rapier | Mortuary Sword |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Function | Cutting and slashing | Thrusting | Cutting with thrust option |
| Blade | Broad and straight | Long and narrow | Slightly curved, stiff |
| Hilt Style | Basket (latticed cage) | Swept hilt or cup hilt | Basket hilt |
| Origin | Venetian (Slavic mercenary) | Spanish/Italian | English/Cavalier |
| Usage Context | Cavalry and guards | Civilian duelling | Military, especially Civil War |
Legacy
- The Schiavona became a symbol of Venice’s multicultural army, especially its Slavic elements.
- Its distinctive design influenced later basket-hilted swords in Eastern Europe and Britain.
- Surviving examples are held in high regard for their craftsmanship, often incorporating ornate guards and decorated pommels.
Where to See
| Museum | Location | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|
| Museo Correr | Venice, Italy | Several Schiavonas with Venetian hilts |
| Royal Armouries | Leeds, UK | Excellent comparative examples |
| Musée de l’Armée | Paris, France | Renaissance basket-hilted swords |
| Metropolitan Museum of Art | New York, USA | Finely preserved ceremonial examples |
Collector’s Guide
Buying Tips:
- Authentic Schiavonas should have a well-forged lattice hilt and clear signs of hand tooling.
- Earlier models (16th–17th century) are more valuable.
- Watch for post-18th century parade versions, which are more decorative than functional.
Auction Price Range:
- Basic authentic examples: £2,000 to £4,000
- Highly decorated pieces: £5,000 to £12,000
- Museum-quality or provenance-linked examples: £15,000+
Recent Auction Examples:
- Bonhams (London, 2023): 17th-century Schiavona, engraved cat-head pommel – Sold for £9,800
- Hermann Historica (Munich, 2024): Early Schiavona with original scabbard – Sold for €13,500
- Czerny’s (Genoa, 2022): Parade Schiavona with etched blade – Sold for €4,000
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