The Petersen Type S sword is a notable variant of the Viking Age sword, classified in Jan Petersen’s 1919 typology. It is characterised by its distinct hilt construction and typically Norwegian provenance. Though fewer in number than other types, Type S swords stand out for their elegant form and robust craftsmanship, providing insight into the martial and aesthetic values of the late Viking period.
Specification
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Classification | Petersen Type S |
| Date Range | c. 950–1050 AD |
| Blade Length | Typically 75–85 cm |
| Overall Length | Around 90–100 cm |
| Blade Type | Double-edged, broad, lenticular or slightly hollow-ground |
| Fuller | Broad central fuller running most of the blade length |
| Hilt Construction | One-piece upper and lower guard, often lobed |
| Pommel | Usually trilobate, sometimes in a three-part assembly |
| Grip | Short, usually around 9 cm, suited to single-handed use |
| Material | Pattern-welded iron or higher-carbon steel |
| Origin | Predominantly Norway, with some finds in Denmark and Britain |
History and Evolution
Type S appears relatively late in the Viking Age and reflects a transitional stage between earlier Scandinavian designs and later medieval arming swords. The form emphasises symmetry and refinement, with its lobed pommel and curved guard representing a move toward more stylised weaponry.
Norwegian in origin, the design spread modestly across the Norse world, possibly through trade or high-status gifting. Unlike some types that evolved from Frankish blades, Type S has a distinctly Northern European aesthetic and construction method.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
- Elegant Construction: The curved guard and lobed pommel offer a balanced aesthetic and practical control.
- Sturdy Blade Design: Broad fuller lightens the blade without compromising durability.
- Good Handling: The short grip and overall weight allow for rapid strikes and tight control.
Disadvantages:
- Limited Reach: Shorter grip and blade make it less effective in mounted combat or against longer polearms.
- Rare Examples: Scarcity limits availability for study or collection.
- Decorative Over Practical: Some versions prioritise visual refinement over battlefield resilience.
Comparison with Similar Weapons
| Feature | Petersen Type S | Petersen Type H | Oakeshott Type X |
|---|---|---|---|
| Period | c. 950–1050 AD | c. 800–950 AD | c. 1000–1150 AD |
| Pommel Style | Trilobate | Two-lobed or cocked hat | Brazil-nut or disc |
| Guard | Curved, lobed | Straight or gently curved | Straight, often longer |
| Region | Scandinavia | Scandinavia | Continental Europe |
| Use | Infantry | Infantry | Infantry and cavalry |
| Blade Width | Moderate to broad | Moderate | Broad tapering |
Legacy
While not as iconic as some other Viking sword types, Type S represents a fusion of utility and artistry at the close of the Viking Age. It bridges functional battlefield weapons and the ceremonial swords that would dominate in the high medieval period. Several preserved examples display fine inlays, often in silver, with geometric or Christian motifs, hinting at the social status of their owners.
Where to See
Several examples of Petersen Type S swords can be viewed in Scandinavian and British museum collections:
- Museum of Cultural History, Oslo (Kulturhistorisk Museum): Houses multiple Norwegian finds.
- National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen: Displays related hilt fragments and complete swords.
- British Museum, London: Includes swords recovered from Viking burials in England.
Collectors Guide and Auction Prices
Market Considerations:
- Type S swords are rare, and authentic specimens rarely appear in open auctions.
- Provenance is crucial, with many known examples tied to Norwegian burial sites.
- Condition and decorative features (such as silver inlay) significantly affect value.
Recent Auction Insights:
| Year | Auction House | Description | Final Price Estimate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Hermann Historica | Partial hilt with trilobate pommel | £18,500 |
| 2019 | Bonhams (Private Sale) | Complete sword with curved guard | £36,000 |
| 2023 | Sotheby’s (Private Dealer) | Restored example, limited blade | £24,000 |
Reproductions from high-end smiths can range from £1,200 to £3,500 depending on authenticity of materials and construction methods. Custom forged pattern-welded replicas often aim to reflect both the form and historical forging techniques.
If you’re researching, collecting, or displaying Viking swords, the Petersen Type S offers a glimpse into the refinement and ritual significance that weapons acquired toward the end of the Viking era.
