The Oakeshott Type X is one of the earliest and most iconic forms of the medieval European knightly sword. Broad, flat-bladed, and designed primarily for cutting, the Type X is often associated with the Norman and early Crusader periods. It represents a pivotal point in the transition from the Viking sword to the high medieval arming sword, embodying both form and function in a practical battlefield weapon.
Specification
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Period | c. 950–1150 |
| Blade length | Typically 75–85 cm |
| Total length | Around 95–105 cm |
| Blade profile | Broad, flat, with parallel edges and rounded tip |
| Fullers | Wide, shallow fullers running two-thirds or more |
| Cross-guard | Straight, usually of moderate length |
| Pommel | Predominantly Brazil-nut or early disc types |
| Grip | Short (one-handed), 8–10 cm in length |
| Weight | Approximately 1.2–1.5 kg |
| Balance | Forward, optimised for cutting |
History and Evolution
Type X emerged during the late Viking Age, developing from Petersen Types O, S and T. It was widely used across Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries and became the dominant sword type during the Norman Conquest and the First to Third Crusades.
Its development reflects a shift from slashing swords with thick spines to broader, flatter blades optimised for slashing through lightly armoured opponents. While it retained elements of Viking-era designs (notably the fuller and pommel styles), the introduction of the straight cross-guard and slightly longer blade marked a move toward the arming sword tradition.
By the mid-12th century, it was gradually superseded by Types XI and XII, which had longer blades and began to favour thrusting capabilities alongside cuts.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
- Effective cutter: Optimised for slashing and shearing through mail and padding.
- Light and responsive: Despite its size, the wide fuller reduced weight effectively.
- Robust design: Simple but reliable structure made it suitable for battlefield use.
- Culturally significant: Frequently associated with Norman knights and Crusaders.
Disadvantages:
- Limited thrusting power: Rounded tip and broad blade reduced effectiveness against later plate armour.
- Short grip: Less effective in half-swording or two-handed techniques.
- Lower versatility: Primarily designed for cutting, not well suited to late medieval fighting styles.
Comparison with Similar Weapons
| Feature | Type X | Viking Sword | Type XI | Type XII |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blade | Broad, flat, with wide fuller | Narrower, often shorter | Longer, narrower, tapered | Tapered, with better thrusting |
| Fuller | Wide, often very prominent | Narrower, central | Narrow, longer | Narrow, often ending sooner |
| Tip | Rounded | Rounded or spatulate | Slightly more acute | More acute, reinforced |
| Grip | Short, single-handed | Short, single-handed | Slightly longer | Slightly longer |
| Primary use | Cutting | Cutting | Cutting with better control | Cut-and-thrust capability |
Legacy
The Type X is one of the most recognisable medieval swords, often associated with iconic historical figures and military campaigns. It featured prominently in the Norman Conquest, the Crusades, and in early depictions of knighthood and chivalry. Many illuminated manuscripts and effigies from the period display swords of this type, reinforcing its cultural and symbolic status.
It laid the groundwork for future arming swords, bridging the Viking era with the age of the knight. Modern reconstructions and historical combat schools continue to regard it as a benchmark of functional sword design from the early Middle Ages.
Where to See
Original Type X swords can be viewed in a number of European collections:
- The British Museum (London) – Several examples from Norman and Crusader contexts
- The Royal Armouries (Leeds) – Multiple specimens with clear Type X characteristics
- Musée de l’Armée (Paris) – Notable for preserved hilts and pommel styles
- Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna) – Type X blades with original scabbards
- National Museum of Ireland (Dublin) – Irish and Hiberno-Norse examples
Collector’s Guide and Auction Prices
Rarity and Demand:
Type X swords are highly sought after due to their historical significance and age. Authentic specimens in good condition are rare, especially those with intact hilts or inscriptions. Provenance, condition, and uniqueness (such as inlaid crosses or inscriptions) can drastically affect value.
Typical Auction Prices:
| Condition | Price Range |
|---|---|
| Fragmented blade only | £5,000 to £12,000 |
| Blade with partial hilt | £15,000 to £30,000 |
| Intact sword with provenance | £35,000 to £75,000+ |
| Museum-quality piece | £100,000+ |
Reproductions:
High-quality replicas from recognised smiths or brands such as Albion or Arms & Armor typically range from £800 to £2,000, depending on materials and accuracy.
Authentication Tips:
- Look for wide fullers and early pommel types.
- Check the tang profile for signs of medieval forging rather than modern welding.
- Avoid pieces without archaeological context or clear provenance.
The Oakeshott Type X remains one of the most influential medieval sword designs, revered for its effectiveness in battle and its enduring symbolic legacy. It marks a clear evolution in swordcraft, connecting the warrior ethos of the Viking Age with the knightly traditions that would dominate the Middle Ages.
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