The Petersen Typology is one of the most widely used systems for classifying Viking Age swords. Introduced by Norwegian archaeologist Jan Petersen in his 1919 work De Norske Vikingsverd, it categorises swords based on the shape and structure of their hilts. Over time, this typology has become a cornerstone in the study of early medieval weapons, especially across Scandinavia and northern Europe.
This guide provides a clear and structured overview for those new to the subject, helping you understand what the Petersen Typology is, why it matters, and how it continues to influence the study of Viking swords today.
What Is the Petersen Typology?
The Petersen Typology divides Viking Age swords into 26 distinct types, labelled A through Z. These types are primarily defined by the shape of the hilt, particularly the pommel and cross-guard. Each type reflects variations in craftsmanship, regional design, and chronological development.
Rather than focusing on blades, Petersen concentrated on hilts because they tend to preserve more unique and datable features. While some sword types overlapped chronologically, others mark clear shifts in design preferences.
Typology Chart PDF (External)
Why Hilts Matter
Viking sword blades were often similar in form and forged using comparable techniques. The hilts, however, offered more room for stylistic variation. Differences in grip length, pommel shapes, and guard designs reveal much about a sword’s origin, date, and intended use.
By analysing hilts, archaeologists can often link a sword to a particular region or even cultural group. Some types are associated more closely with Danish finds, others with Norwegian or Swedish contexts.
Examples of Petersen Types
| Type | Pommel Style | Cross-Guard | Notable Traits | Approx. Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Three-lobed | Short, curved | Found in Norway and Ireland | Late 8th to early 9th c. |
| H | Broad, multi-lobed | Straight or sloping | Associated with power and status | 9th c. |
| K | Tall central lobe | Thin and straight | Often richly decorated | 9th to 10th c. |
| S | Narrow trilobate | Short and slim | Very widespread, especially in Norway | 10th c. |
| X | Broad triangular | Broad and curved | Commonly mistaken for Anglo-Saxon styles | Late 10th to early 11th c. |
| Z | Thick trilobate | Curved downward | Represents late Viking to early medieval | 975 to 1050 AD |
These classifications are often used in combination with blade length, fuller shape, inscriptions, and scabbard design.
Visual Identification
Most beginners find visual guides essential when trying to identify sword types. Diagrams showing pommel shapes and cross-guard silhouettes help clarify distinctions between types. Museums and books often use Petersen’s original illustrations alongside photographs of surviving examples.
Starting with the pommel shape is usually most effective. From there, compare the cross-guard and grip length. Keep in mind that many swords may not perfectly fit a single type due to regional variation or damage over time.
Petersen’s Lasting Influence
The Petersen Typology laid the foundation for other classification systems. The Wheeler Typology (used in Britain) and Geibig Typology (used in Germany) followed, refining the approach for regional finds. Later, Ewart Oakeshott expanded the system into the high medieval period, factoring in blade shapes and fuller styles.
Even with these advances, Petersen’s original work remains a primary reference point, especially for early medieval finds from Scandinavia, Britain, and the Baltic.
Where to See Petersen-Type Swords
Many major museums across Europe hold examples of swords classified using the Petersen Typology:
- National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen
- Cultural History Museum, Oslo
- British Museum, London
- National Museum of Ireland, Dublin
- Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg
These institutions often display hilts with their corresponding type labelled clearly for educational and research purposes.
How to Use the Typology
If you’re new to the subject, consider the following:
- Focus on the pommel and cross-guard first, as these are the key identifiers.
- Consult visual diagrams and museum collections when comparing swords.
- Understand the context in which a sword was found: burial location, associated artefacts, and regional typology all matter.
- Recognise that many swords may be transitional between types, or may have hybrid features.
The Seven Swords Takeaway
The Petersen Typology offers an accessible, historically grounded way to classify and understand Viking Age swords. By examining the hilt and noting specific design features, even beginners can begin to identify key types and understand how sword design evolved across the Viking Age.
For anyone interested in early medieval warfare, craftsmanship, or collecting, this typology remains an essential tool.
Whatch this interesting documentary on Viking Swords:
